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                <text>An interview with Joseph Gringlas, a Holocaust survivor, conducted by Dr. Sidney Bolkosky, Professor of History at the University of Michigan--Dearborn. Joseph Gringlas was born in Ostrowiec, Poland. Following the German invasion, he was separated from his family and transported to a labor camp in Blizyn, Poland. After approximately one year, Joseph was transferred first to Auschwitz-Birkenau and then to the sub-camp, Monowitz, where he was reunited with his brother. In 1945, the camp was liquidated and the brothers were sent on a forced march to Gleiwitz and then on to Dora-Nordhausen, where they were liberated. After the war, he spent several years in Landsberg, Germany, emigrating to the United States in 1951</text>
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                <text>An interview with Emerich Grinbaum, a Holocaust survivor, conducted by Dr. Sidney Bolkosky, Professor of History at the University of Michigan--Dearborn. Mr. Grinbaum was born in Munkacs, Czechoslovakia in 1930. After the Hungarian annexation of Munkacs in 1938, Emerich, along with his father, mother and brother experienced increased anti-Semitism under the Hungarians. In 1944, Germany invaded Hungary and the Grinbaum family was deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Emerich's mother was gassed upon arrival and after less than a week in Birkenau, Emerich, his father and brother were shipped to a labor camp just outside of Warsaw, Poland. In August, 1944, the three were sent to Dachau. In Dachau, Emerich's father became ill and was sent to the camp hospital. During this period, Emerich and his brother were sent to one of Dachau's satellite camps, Allach. In Allach, Emerich worked on several labor Kommandos, including the BMW factory and as a potato peeler in the camp kitchen. While in Allach, Emerich's father was reunited with him and his brother and placed in a block for elderly people. In April 1945, the three were placed aboard a train and shipped to an unknown destination. While en route, the Germans abandoned the train and the three walked to a nearby village where they were liberated by the American Army. After liberation, they returned to Munkacs, now under Soviet rule as part of the Ukraine. Mr. Grinbaum studied medicine under the Soviets. He immigrated to the United States in the 1960s</text>
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                <text>An interview with Erna Blitzer Gorman, a Holocaust survivor, conducted by Dr. Sidney Bolkosky, Professor of History at the University of Michigan--Dearborn. She relates her experiences as a child when she and her family were in Poland at the time of the Nazi invasion and were unable to return to their home in France. After living in various ghettos, they escaped and were hidden for more than two years in a barn by a Ukrainian farmer until the area was liberated by Russian soldiers</text>
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                <text>1989-07-12</text>
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                <text>Gorman, Erna Blitzer</text>
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                <text>An interview with Simon Goldman, a Holocaust survivor, conducted by Dr. Sidney Bolkosky, Professor of History at the University of Michigan--Dearborn. Simon Goldman was born in  Lódz, Poland and had three brothers and a sister. His father owned a moving business while his mother stayed at home. Shortly after the German occupation of  Lódz, his mother passed away and his father moved the family to a small town near Czestochowa, Poland. There the family moved into a relative's house and Simon and his brother worked in a bakery. Around 1942, Simon passed himself off as a Polish orphan to obtain work at a farm where he stayed incognito for the duration of the war until the area was liberated in 1945. After the war he went back to Lódz looking for his brother and other family members. He got into trouble with the police for being involved with the Lódz black market. Simon then decided to go to Linz, Austria to find a cousin. Simon was detained for not having papers, but made it to Linz on Yom Kippur and found his cousin at the DP camp. Simon was eventually arrested by the CIA for being involved in another black market in the DP camp but he was released after thirty days. Upon his release, Simon registered with the U.S. Committee to move to America. He was sent to New York in December 1946 and later the Jewish Health System set him up with a family in Detroit</text>
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                <text>An interview with Vera Gissing, a Holocaust survivor, conducted by Dr. Sidney Bolkosky, Professor of History at the University of Michigan--Dearborn. Vera Gissing was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia in 1928. She lived in Celakovice, outside of Prague, with her mother, father, and sister, Eva. After the Germans invaded their town, Vera's mother contacted Nicholas Winton about having the girls sent to England. Vera and her sister left Czechoslovakia in July 1939 and were put into foster care with two separate families. Vera stayed with the Rainfords, a poor Christian family, before enrolling in a Czech refugee school in England where she spent the duration of the war. After the war, Vera went back to Prague to study and became a literary translator but eventually moved back to England. While being interviewed by the Welsh BBC, Vera revealed her diaries that she kept of her experience during the war and decided to translate and publish the entries in the book  Pearls of Childhood. </text>
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                <text>2006-04-22</text>
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                <text>An interview with Hilma Geffen, a Holocaust survivor, conducted by Dr. Jon Fishbane. Hilma Geffen was born in Berlin in 1925 and was an only child. Her father served in the German Army during World War I and was awarded the Iron Cross. In 1931 the family moved to Rangsdorf, a suburb of Berlin, where they were the only Jewish family in town. Her father, an accountant, continued to commute to Berlin for work. A couple of nights after Kristallnacht in 1938, SA men came to the house and smashed the furniture. In 1939 the family moved back to Berlin because Jews could no longer own property. As Hilma was returning home after work in October 1941, her mother told her to run away because people were there to pick them up. Using false papers, Hilma went underground, living with a German couple who knew only that she was Jewish. She remained  hidden  with them until the end of the war, then moved to Miami Beach where she had relatives. Her parents were deported to Auschwitz and did not survive the war</text>
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                <text>1985-02-15</text>
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                <text>An interview with Nancy Furdonski, a Holocaust survivor, conducted by Charlene Green. Nancy Furdonski was born in Zlozew, Poland. Following the Nazi invasion of Poland, Nancy, along with her mother, father and several siblings, fled to the nearby town of ZduĹ„ska Wola, where Nancy's two older sisters lived. Following a brief stay there, Nancy, along with one sister and brother, went to stay with their grandmother in Szadek, Poland. After some time, Nancy and her family returned to Zdunska Wola where they remained in the ghetto until 1942. When the Germans liquidated the Zdunska Wola ghetto in 1942, Nancy and two sisters were sent to the Lodz Ghetto and many of her other family members were deported and murdered. Following the liquidation of the Lodz Ghetto, Nancy and her sisters were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. After a brief time, they were shipped to Stutthof, where her older sister perished, and then to Dresden. Following the bombings of that city, Nancy and her sister were sent on a forced march to Theresienstadt. During the march, they escaped and hid on a farm near Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary) where they were liberated by the American army. After a brief return to Poland, Nancy immigrated to America. Of her nine siblings, only a sister and a brother survived</text>
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                <text>An interview with Charlotte Firestone, a Holocaust survivor, conducted by Dr. Sidney Bolkosky, Professor of History at the University of Michigan-Dearborn. Mrs. Firestone, born in Munkacs, Czechoslovakia, relates her experiences in Czechoslovakia and Poland before, during and after the war. Prior to the birth of her son in August 1942, her husband was taken to the Soviet Union where he was imprisoned and remained throughout the war. Mrs. Firestone and her son moved in with her parents. After the German occupation of Munkacs in 1944, they were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where her mother and son were gassed upon arrival. After a short time in Birkenau, Mrs. Firestone and her sister were sent to Stutthof, another concentration camp in Poland, then they were relocated to Praust, a sub-camp. While in Stutthof, Mrs. Firestone was made a Stubälteste and in that capacity, served as a senior inmate in charge of the barrack. After spending six months in Praust, the sisters were evacuated. While on the march west, they managed to escape, evading capture by posing as Hungarian nurses. Later she was reunited with her husband and emigrated to the United States in 1955</text>
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                <text>An interview with Miriam Monczyk-Laczkowska Ferber, a Holocaust survivor, conducted by Dr. Sidney Bolkosky, Professor of History at the University of Michigan--Dearborn. Soon after Miriam's birth in 1942 in Sosnowiec, Poland, the Monczyk family was moved to the Srodula ghetto on the outskirts of the city. Miriam's mother asked the Laczkowskas, a Polish family who were former neighbors and friends, to take care of the infant Miriam until her mother could return for her. The Laczkowskas agreed and smuggled Miriam out of the ghetto. The Nazis murdered Miriam's father in the ghetto. Her mother and brother were deported to a death camp sometime later and never returned for her. Miriam spent the remainder of the war in the care of the Laczkowskas. She was portrayed by the family as the illegitimate daughter of the oldest Laczkowska daughter and was raised as a Polish Catholic. Near the end of the war, Mr. Laczkowska was deported to Gusen, a sub-camp of Mauthausen, where he died of typhus. Following the war, Miriam continued her life as a Polish Catholic. While still a teenager, Miriam found out about her Jewish background. As part of a program developed by the Lubavitcher Rebbe to bring European Jews to America, Miriam was separated from her foster family and brought to America</text>
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                <text>An interview with Fred Ferber, a Holocaust survivor, conducted by Dr. Sidney Bolkosky, Professor of History at the University of Michigan-Dearborn. Mr. Ferber was born in 1930 in Swietchlowice, Poland. In 1933, the Ferber family re-located to Chorzów, Poland and then to Kraków, Poland, ca. 1936. Following the German invasion, the Ferbers were forced into the Kraków Ghetto located in Podgórze. In 1943, the family was rounded-up and sent to the Plaszów forced labor camp. While in Plaszów, Fred's father was murdered by the camp's Kommandant, Amon Goethe. Fred worked in the metal and fabric shops in the camp while his mother worked in a labor detail. Fred's brother was deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau where he died. Fred was separated from his mother when he was transferred with a number of other prisoners to the Mauthausen forced labor camp in Austria. From there, Fred was transferred to Gusen II and then to Gunskirchen (both sub-camps of Mauthausen). He was liberated by the American Army in May 1945. Following liberation and a short stay in a DP camp where he recuperated from typhus and dysentery, Fred returned to Poland to find his family. He was reunited with his mother in Sopot, Poland. He moved around Europe until the late 1940s, when he emigrated to America. In the United States, he stayed in an orphanage in San Francisco, while attending school and college</text>
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