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                  <text>Blacks in the Labor Movement</text>
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                  <text>Oral histories conducted in Detroit by Herbert Hill, Roberta McBride, Norman McRae and others during the late 1960’s. Brief descriptions of the interviews may be found in Warner Pflug’s Guide to the Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs.</text>
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                <text>Mr. &amp; Mrs. Joseph Billups Oral History</text>
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                <text>Joseph Billups was one of the first members of Local 600. He worked at Ford and was fired numerous times for his union association. Mr. and Mrs. Billups discuss their roles with the Ford Hunger March of 1932, their participation with the Detroit Unemployment Council and Soup Kitchens, and the assistance they provided for evicted persons before the founding of the welfare department. Billups describes the Nat Turner Club, a progressive group that influenced the advancement of Civil Rights. He recalls his involvement striking various auto plants and Henry Fords’ recognition of the union. Billups recalls how he became pro-union and explains the reasons that other black auto workers did not participate in union activities.</text>
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                <text>1967-09-09</text>
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                <text>Billups, Joseph, 1893-; Billups, Rose,</text>
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                <text>McBride, Roberta</text>
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                <text>Detroit, MI; 1996-2004</text>
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                  <text>Oral histories conducted in Detroit by Herbert Hill, Roberta McBride, Norman McRae and others during the late 1960’s. Brief descriptions of the interviews may be found in Warner Pflug’s Guide to the Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs.</text>
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                <text>Beulah Whitby Oral History</text>
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                <text>Beulah Whitby was a social worker and former assistant director of the Detroit Commission on Community Relations. In this interview Whitby recalls her employment as the Assistant Executive Secretary with the then segregated YWCA and casework with the Detroit welfare department under the Office of Civilian Defense. She describes Detroit in Depression, the Sojourner Truth episode, the 1943 Race Riot, the NAACP, the Urban League, and the black community.</text>
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                <text>1969-09-16</text>
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                <text>Whitby, Beulah</text>
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                <text>Roberta McBride &amp; J. Keeney</text>
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                <text>Detroit, MI; 1924-1950's</text>
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                <text>Shelton Tappes Oral History</text>
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                <text>Shelton Tappes was the Assistant Director for the UAW Fair Practices Department. In this interview Tappes recalls the Automobile industry before unionization, “Negro” jobs in the auto industry, and the Ford Organizing Drive. Tappes describes the role of black in growth of Local 600, the black caucuses in the UAW, and the history of Fair Practices Department.</text>
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                <text>1967-10-27</text>
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                <text>Tappes, Shelton, 1911-</text>
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                <text>Hill, Herbert</text>
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                <text>Detroit, MI; 1928-1968</text>
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                  <text>Oral histories conducted in Detroit by Herbert Hill, Roberta McBride, Norman McRae and others during the late 1960’s. Brief descriptions of the interviews may be found in Warner Pflug’s Guide to the Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs.</text>
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                <text>Birney Smith Oral History</text>
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                <text>Bernie Smith was a retired Juvenile Court probation officer. In this interview Smith recalls black life in Detroit in early the 1900’s, the organization of Detroit Urban League, and black politics at the turn of the century.  Mr. Smith discusses the reactions to the black influx of World War I, his relationships with John Dancy, Forrester Washington, and St. Matthews Church and Father Daniel.</text>
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            <name>Date Recorded</name>
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                <text>1969-06-15</text>
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                <text>Smith, Birney</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="7282">
                <text>McBride, Roberta; Keeney, Jim</text>
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                <text>Detroit, MI; 1912-1945</text>
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                <text>C. LeBron Simmons Oral History</text>
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                <text>C. LeBron Simmons was a practicing Detroit attorney at the time of this interview. Simmons recalls the events of the Sojourner Truth housing project and police brutality in the 1930’s.  Simmons describes his presidency with the Detroit Chapter of the National Negro Congress and how he became involved in the congress. Also included in the interview is a discussion of Simmons work as an assistant prosecutor.</text>
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                <text>1969-01-01</text>
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                <text>Simmons, C. LeBron</text>
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                <text>McRae, Norman</text>
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                <text>Detroit, MI; 1935-1945</text>
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                <text>Horace Sheffield Oral History</text>
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                <text>In this interview Horace Sheffield, an administrative assistant with the UAW discusses his involvement with the organizing campaign at Ford, the involvement of NAACP on union’s side, and black and left wing political activities. Sheffield recalls various UAW conventions and the question of a black board member, especially in 1943, 1959, and 1962. He describes the organization of TULC- Trade Union Leadership Council, its subsequent development, and the NALC-National Association of Letter Carriers - and its relation to TULC.</text>
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                <text>1968-07-24</text>
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                  <text>Oral histories conducted in Detroit by Herbert Hill, Roberta McBride, Norman McRae and others during the late 1960’s. Brief descriptions of the interviews may be found in Warner Pflug’s Guide to the Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs.</text>
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                <text>Oral history interview with George Robertson, President of the UAW Local 235 Detroit. In this interview Robertson describes his experiences as production worker at Chevrolet Gear and Axle in the late 1940’s and discusses the attitude of local union toward grievances of black workers, then and now.</text>
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                <text>Zeline Richard was a member and former Vice-President of the Detroit Board of Education and was prominent in leadership of the New Caucus of AFT-American Federation of Teachers. In this interview she recalls her involvement with the growth of Detroit Federation of Teachers, the national AFT conventions from 1964-1969, and the “Racism in Education” Conference of 1966. Mrs. Richards also discusses the role of Ed Simpkins in AFT, the Detroit Federation and its response to needs of black teachers, and her opinion of Al Shanker and the New York AFT situation.</text>
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            <name>Date Recorded</name>
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                <text>1969-03-19</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="7278">
                <text>Hill, Herbert</text>
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                <text>Jack Raskin Oral History</text>
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                <text>Jack Raskin was the former executive secretary of the Civil Rights Congress of Michigan. In this interview Raskin recalls his involvement with the Civil Rights Congress and its predecessor organizations in 1940’s and early 1950’s. Raskin describes his interest and work in racial problems including the Sojourner Truth project, the infiltration at neighborhood improvement association meetings, the National Negro Congress and the Presidential campaign of 1944.</text>
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            <name>Date Recorded</name>
            <description>Date of Record Creation (Imported from CWIS DateRecordedBegin field)</description>
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                <text>1970-01-01</text>
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            <name>Interviewee</name>
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                <text>Raskin, Jack</text>
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                <text>McRae, Norman</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>Coverage (Imported from CWIS Coverage field)</description>
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                <text>Detroit, MI; 1935-1945</text>
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                <text>Arthur Osman Oral History</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Arthur Osman is the Former president of the District 65 Distributive Workers of America. In this interview Osman recalls the conditions in the dry goods industry in New York in the early 1930’s, the AFL-CIO split in later 30’s, and the organizing of black workers in the industry. Osman describes his involvement with the adoption of a hiring hall system and policy on sending black job applicants, democratic practices in the union, the changing racial make-up of union, and the relationship with clothing industry unions and with the Teamsters.</text>
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          <element elementId="94">
            <name>Date Recorded</name>
            <description>Date of Record Creation (Imported from CWIS DateRecordedBegin field)</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="3978">
                <text>1968-04-12</text>
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            <name>Interviewee</name>
            <description>The person(s) being interviewed</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="5394">
                <text>Osman, Arthur</text>
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            <name>Interviewer</name>
            <description>The person(s) performing the interview</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="7276">
                <text>Hill, Herbert</text>
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          <element elementId="120">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>Coverage (Imported from CWIS Coverage field)</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="8628">
                <text>New York, NY; 1933-1968</text>
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