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                  <text>Graphic Communications Conference/IBT(International Brotherhood of Teamsters) Oral Histories</text>
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                  <text>Interviews with International officers and representatives, local presidents on the International Council and other members of the GCC/IBT (International Brotherhood of Teamsters) and its predecessors (GAIU, LPIU and ALA) conducted by Alice Hoffman and Greg Giebel, 1973-1975.</text>
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                <text>Ben Robinson Oral History</text>
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                <text>Ben Robinson Grew up in Springfield MA, and arrived in New York City in the summer of 1929 immediately after graduating from the Yale Law School. He found employment with Manfred W. Ehrich, counsel to the United States Printing and Lithographic Company. Robinson spent time working in Buffalo and soon was asked to become counsel to the Lithographic Code Authority. With the dissolution of the National Recovery Administration Robinson was out of a job and after spending a year abroad, eventually gained a position as counsel for the International Council and the Local One. Robinson recalls various cases he won including the Foote-Davies case. Robinson discusses the movement of the AF of L into the CIO and the merger and comments on the question of the relationship with the AFL-CIO over the years. He briefly recalls his involvement writing for the National Lithographer trade magazine and his relationship with the magazines owner. Robinson closes the interview by discussing the possibility of Local One returning to the union and his feelings on the issue.</text>
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                <text>1977-08-04</text>
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                <text>Robinson, Ben, 1906-</text>
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                <text>Hoffman, Alice; Giebel, Greg</text>
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                <text>Kansas City, MO; 1945-1973</text>
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                  <text>Graphic Communications Conference/IBT(International Brotherhood of Teamsters) Oral Histories</text>
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                  <text>Interviews with International officers and representatives, local presidents on the International Council and other members of the GCC/IBT (International Brotherhood of Teamsters) and its predecessors (GAIU, LPIU and ALA) conducted by Alice Hoffman and Greg Giebel, 1973-1975.</text>
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                <text>Milt Williams Oral History</text>
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                <text>This interview takes place in two parts. In part I Williams discusses how he came from a family that believed deeply in the labor movement, losing his job in the lithographic trade on numerous occasions for organizing activity, and how he began his union career as a sentinel and became president of the Philadelphia Local 14, ALA, in 1957. Williams offers his thoughts on why the printing industry in Philadelphia has dissipated over the years. He traces his own experience and involvement with the International beginning in 1955. Since Williams has represented the Atlantic Region on the International Executive Board. He talks about the split with the AFL-CIO and recalls his own union’s milestone achievements through collective bargaining. In part II Williams talks about the internal union politics anBd personalities of the ALA. Williams assesses the role of the councilor in the International organization and the influence he exerts on policy and decisions. He goes on to deal with the whole question of automation, from the lithography perspective and the graphic arts industry as a whole. Williams also reflects on the threat to the smaller unions who do not negotiate national contracts, and offers on jurisdictional questions.</text>
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                <text>1974-05-09</text>
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                <text>Williams, Milt, 1920-</text>
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                <text>Hoffman, Alice M.; Giebel, Greg</text>
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                <text>Toronto, Ontario; 1942-1974</text>
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                  <text>Graphic Communications Conference/IBT(International Brotherhood of Teamsters) Oral Histories</text>
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                <text>Leon Wickersham Oral History</text>
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                <text>Leon Wickersham began his career in Lithography working for the DuPont Company in Wilmington, Delaware. In 1948 he moved to Racine, Wisconsin, to work for Western Publishing Company as a stripper in the lithography department. His first experience in the ALA was as a representative of the strippers on the local union executive board. From the position of strippers’ representative he was elected president of his local and found himself immediately on strike. The strike eventually led to Wickersham’s appointment as International representative in 1956. Wickersham discusses union politics as they developed in the late fifties and tells how he was appointed as President Ken Brown’s personal assistant in 1959, a post he still holds today. Wickersham related how General Counsel Ben Robinson had to step down in1962 and discusses the relationship of the general counsel to the union. Wickersham discusses the merger between the Photoengravers and the Lithographers in 1964, and relates how opposition to the merger led the New York Local One to leave the organization. Wickersham closes the interview by reflecting on the problem of sex discrimination, the GAUI, and the future of his industry and his union.</text>
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                <text>1975-12-10</text>
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                <text>Wickersham, Leon, 1922-</text>
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                <text>Hoffman, Alice M.</text>
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                <text>Chicago; Los Angeles; 1930-1971</text>
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  <item itemId="1806" public="1" featured="0">
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                  <text>Graphic Communications Conference/IBT(International Brotherhood of Teamsters) Oral Histories</text>
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                  <text>Interviews with International officers and representatives, local presidents on the International Council and other members of the GCC/IBT (International Brotherhood of Teamsters) and its predecessors (GAIU, LPIU and ALA) conducted by Alice Hoffman and Greg Giebel, 1973-1975.</text>
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                <text>Jack Wallace Oral History</text>
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                <text>Jack Wallace entered the lithographic industry after the Second World War as a litho artist, cameraman, and finally superintendent of a plant in Kansas City, Missouri. He describes the lithographic industry as it thrived in Kansas City; he describes the relationship between the lithographic industry and Hallmark Cards, one of its largest customers, and discusses the good relationship that Kansas City locals had with employers.  Wallace tells about the 1951 strike in Kansas City, the roles played by individual participants, and how his involvement with the strategy of the Kansas City strike led to his appointment as International Representative in the Mountain Region. Wallace relates other union experiences including the merger between the Lithographers and the Photoengravers and the Kansas City local’s disaffiliation from the AFL in 1948 and its subsequent joining with the CIO.</text>
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                <text>1973-03-08</text>
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                <text>Wallace, Jack, 1914-</text>
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                <text>Hoffman, Alice M.</text>
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                <text>New York, NY; 1930-1974</text>
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                  <text>Graphic Communications Conference/IBT(International Brotherhood of Teamsters) Oral Histories</text>
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                <text>Edward Volz Oral History</text>
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                <text>Edward Volz, President of the Photoengravers’ Union from 1929-1954, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was apprenticed to a wood engraver at the age of fifteen and joined the Photoengravers Union at twenty-one when it was still part of the Typographical Union.  In this interview he discusses how he became active in union “booster trips” and reminisces about various union officers. Volz talks about the various job classifications in his industry an how he helped get them under one minimum wage scale. He describes the 1922 lockout for a return to the 48-hour week, the movement for a general printing trades union and how he helped obtain the five-day week for his industry in 1929. Volz also recalls his experience as secretary on law of the AFL under the chairman of Dan Tobin and as a fraternal delegate to represent the AFL at the British Trade unions’ Congress in 1948.</text>
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                <text>1973-03-12</text>
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                <text>Volz, Edward, 1879-</text>
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                <text>Hoffman, Alice M.</text>
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                <text>Chicago, IL; 1926-1974</text>
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                <text>Roy Turner Oral History</text>
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                <text>Roy Turner was born in Toronto, Canada, in 1917 and began his career in lithography during the depression years. The Second World War and his active service in the Air Force interrupted his career temporarily.  In 1956 Turner was elected full-time vice-president of his Toronto local with responsibilities mostly in the area of organizing. He describes the relationships between the ALA and the other graphic arts locals in Toronto at the time and the discussions of merger that took place. Turner was elected president of the Toronto local in 1959 and went on to the International Council in 1961. He discusses the Photoengraver-Lithographer merger, the prospects for merger with the Printing Pressman, and the current tendency on the part of some Canadian unions to disaffiliate from their United States international ties.</text>
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            <name>Date Recorded</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5261">
                <text>1974-01-24</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="7143">
                <text>Turner, Roy, 1917-</text>
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            <name>Interviewer</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8503">
                <text>Hoffman, Alice; Geibel, Greg</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                <elementText elementTextId="400">
                  <text>Graphic Communications Conference/IBT(International Brotherhood of Teamsters) Oral Histories</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="457">
                  <text>Interviews with International officers and representatives, local presidents on the International Council and other members of the GCC/IBT (International Brotherhood of Teamsters) and its predecessors (GAIU, LPIU and ALA) conducted by Alice Hoffman and Greg Giebel, 1973-1975.</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
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              <elementText elementTextId="2300">
                <text>Dan Streeter Oral History</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="3847">
                <text>Dan Streeter started in the engraving business in 1930 and joined Chicago Local 5 of the Photoengravers Union in 1936. He gives the reasons for the organization of his own particular shop and describes the organizing campaign that took place under Larry Gruber. Streeter recalls being fired from his Chicago job and moving to Michigan and finally to Los Angeles where he became president of Los Angeles Local 32P in 1946. Streeter undertakes to trace the merger between the Photoengravers and the ALA back to its beginnings in 1962. Streeter reflects on his fifty years in the labor movement, the future of the labor movement and of his own union, and the nature of his job as financial secretary of the Graphic Arts International Union.</text>
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            <name>Date Recorded</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5260">
                <text>1975-08-13</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="7142">
                <text>Streeter, Dan, 1913-</text>
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            <name>Interviewer</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="8502">
                <text>Hoffman, Alice; Giebel, Greg</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="120">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>Coverage (Imported from CWIS Coverage field)</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8955">
                <text>Chicago, IL; 1936-1973</text>
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            <element elementId="50">
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              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="400">
                  <text>Graphic Communications Conference/IBT(International Brotherhood of Teamsters) Oral Histories</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="457">
                  <text>Interviews with International officers and representatives, local presidents on the International Council and other members of the GCC/IBT (International Brotherhood of Teamsters) and its predecessors (GAIU, LPIU and ALA) conducted by Alice Hoffman and Greg Giebel, 1973-1975.</text>
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            </element>
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      </elementSetContainer>
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    <itemType itemTypeId="19">
      <name>CWIS Item Migration</name>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource (repository, collection, or item).</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2299">
                <text>Don Stone Oral History</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="3846">
                <text>This interview takes place in three parts. Part I discusses Stone’s early years in Wisconsin, attending the University of Wisconsin, and working as a stripper in a Lithography shop.  In 1940 Stone became recording secretary of his local union in the ALA and in 1946 ran and won the election for editor of The Lithographers ‘Journal.He moved to New York City and recalls the social issues he dealt with as editor of the journal and the political strength he gained in that position. In part II Stone traces the background of the issue of the union label and jurisdiction which led to the withdrawal of the ALA from the AFL-CIO in 1958. He discusses internal union politics during the fifties and recalls the Poughkeepsie strike in 1954. Stone then begins to trace the move toward graphic arts unity, and he gives his opinion President Ken Brown’s decision to re-affiliate with the AFL-CIO.  In part III Stone goes into more detail about the disaffiliation from the AFL-CIO in 1958 and then moves to the subject of efforts that have been made over the years with respect to merger, federation, or amalgamation. Stone discusses the internal union politics that culminated in the withdrawal from the International of Local One, New York. The interview is finished with stone describing the circumstances that led to moving the International headquarters from New York to Washington in 1971 and reflects on the nature of Ken Brown’s presidency.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
      <elementSet elementSetId="2">
        <name>Oral History Item</name>
        <description>Metadata Specific to Oral History Items.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="94">
            <name>Date Recorded</name>
            <description>Date of Record Creation (Imported from CWIS DateRecordedBegin field)</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5259">
                <text>1974-08-12</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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              <elementText elementTextId="7141">
                <text>Stone, Donald W., 1910-</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="2">
            <name>Interviewer</name>
            <description>The person(s) performing the interview</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8501">
                <text>Hoffman, Alice; Giebel, Greg</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="120">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>Coverage (Imported from CWIS Coverage field)</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8953">
                <text>1932-1974</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="1801" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="35">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
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          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource (repository, collection, or item).</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="400">
                  <text>Graphic Communications Conference/IBT(International Brotherhood of Teamsters) Oral Histories</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="457">
                  <text>Interviews with International officers and representatives, local presidents on the International Council and other members of the GCC/IBT (International Brotherhood of Teamsters) and its predecessors (GAIU, LPIU and ALA) conducted by Alice Hoffman and Greg Giebel, 1973-1975.</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
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    <itemType itemTypeId="19">
      <name>CWIS Item Migration</name>
      <description>This Item Type takes in metadata from CWIS' database. Title, Description, and Coverage are added to the same Omeka Metadata fields. </description>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource (repository, collection, or item).</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2298">
                <text>Harry Spohnholtz Oral History</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="3845">
                <text>This interview takes place in two parts. In part I Harry Spohnholtz recalls his interest in printing and  working at printing shops in Chicago in the 1920’s. Spohnholtz joined the ALA in 1929 and during the hard years of the depression, he changed jobs often and became exposed to many areas of his trade.  He finally ended up in a non-union plant and was on the committee that negotiated the first written contract between his local union and the Chicago Lithographers Association.  In part II Spohnholtz describes the development of Chicago as a center of the printing trade and the importance of the school in Chicago as a training center. He describes the emergence of Chicago as a political power in the International, his work and involvement with internal union politics especially the withdrawal of the ALA from the ALF-CIO in 1958.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
      <elementSet elementSetId="2">
        <name>Oral History Item</name>
        <description>Metadata Specific to Oral History Items.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="94">
            <name>Date Recorded</name>
            <description>Date of Record Creation (Imported from CWIS DateRecordedBegin field)</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5258">
                <text>1974-08-19</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="3">
            <name>Interviewee</name>
            <description>The person(s) being interviewed</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="7140">
                <text>Spohnholtz, Harry F., 1909-</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="2">
            <name>Interviewer</name>
            <description>The person(s) performing the interview</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8500">
                <text>Hoffman, Alice M.; Giebel, Greg</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="120">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>Coverage (Imported from CWIS Coverage field)</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8952">
                <text>Pittsburg, PA; 1940-1975</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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  </item>
  <item itemId="1800" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="35">
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource (repository, collection, or item).</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="400">
                  <text>Graphic Communications Conference/IBT(International Brotherhood of Teamsters) Oral Histories</text>
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            <element elementId="41">
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="457">
                  <text>Interviews with International officers and representatives, local presidents on the International Council and other members of the GCC/IBT (International Brotherhood of Teamsters) and its predecessors (GAIU, LPIU and ALA) conducted by Alice Hoffman and Greg Giebel, 1973-1975.</text>
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      <name>CWIS Item Migration</name>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource (repository, collection, or item).</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2297">
                <text>William Schroeder Oral History</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="3844">
                <text>Born in 1918 in Chicago and beginning his career in lithography as a dot etcher, William A. Schroeder became a member of Local 4 of the ALA in 1942. Schroeder describes the local union during the period of the forties and fifties and describes the craft of dot etching. In 1960 Schroeder turned to organizing in the Chicago area and describes the nature of his work in that respect.  In 1964 Schroeder was asked to make a study of web offset presses and to evaluate their possible impact on his industry. In 1966 he took over the job of Education Director. Finally Schroeder became vice president of the union and chairman of the Education Committee and describes his experience setting up a cooperative program between the Union, the companies, and the government to study the effects of the environment in occupational situations.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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        <name>Oral History Item</name>
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        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="94">
            <name>Date Recorded</name>
            <description>Date of Record Creation (Imported from CWIS DateRecordedBegin field)</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5257">
                <text>1973-03-07</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="3">
            <name>Interviewee</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="7139">
                <text>Schroeder, William, 1918-</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="2">
            <name>Interviewer</name>
            <description>The person(s) performing the interview</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8499">
                <text>Hoffman, Alice M.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="120">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>Coverage (Imported from CWIS Coverage field)</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="8951">
                <text>Seattle, Washington; 1950-1974</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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