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                  <text>Interviews with women in a variety of construction and maintenance trades conducted between 2004 and 2006.</text>
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                <text>Carrie Harding Oral History</text>
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                <text>Carrie Harding of Saginaw, MI is an Operating Engineer with Local 3241 and an instructor of MIOSHA, hazardous waste removal, and mine safety courses.  While working as a traffic flagger she had an opportunity   to train as an equipment operator.  Harding explains that she was the only woman in the training program and describes the training and equipment. She recalls the sexist treatment she received by a foreman and compares that to the mentoring and friendships she had with her co-workers.   Harding discusses how she stayed with her first company for nine years, worked for other companies and eventually became certified as a HAZMAT instructor, an OSHA outreach instructor and how she got a part-time job teaching at the local.   At the time of the interview the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative was on the November ballot, Harding recalls the role it played in her entering the field and the possible ramifications if the initiative is ended.  Harding closes the interview with a discussion of her feelings on why there are no women officers in her local, why there have never been and if there will be any in the future.  An afterward by Harding is included at the end of this oral history.</text>
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                <text>Harding, Carrie, 1962-</text>
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                <text>Raucher, Margaret; Advisory Group Members</text>
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                <text>Detroit, MI; 1972-2004</text>
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                <text>Denise Greer Oral History</text>
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                <text>Denise Greer of Local 898 is a millwright at the Ford Rawsonville plant.  Greer attended college for music   but found fulltime work with Ford in 1998. She describes the problems she has had with supervisors and harassment as she is only one of five women millwrights. Greer feels that she cannot rise politically in the union but would stay on in the plant if she could and cites the “Old Boys Club” mentality as one cause of her lack of political mobility.  She discusses the lack of racial diversity in the trades and feels that there is very little encouragement to recruit women into the trades at Ford.  At the time of the interview Greer was enrolled as a pre-law student at Eastern Michigan University and hopes to have a future in labor law.</text>
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                <text>Greer, Denise, 1977-</text>
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                <text>M.G. is a member of Local 659 and is an Electrician at Flint Engine South.  M.G began working at GM and after spending several years on the production line she began to seek a more demanding position. She tested for the skilled trades and was accepted into the apprenticeship program in 1977, the second female and the first to complete the apprenticeship.  M.G discusses the difference in treatment she received from the varying generations in the plant; the younger were much more accepting of a woman in the trades than were the older generation.  In 1999 she was accepted into a position in the facilities group at the new engine facility, and few years later was moved into a quality network processing position. M.G. discusses her union activities and is involved with the Coalition of Labor Union Women, Region 1C Women's Council, and the United Way. A letter from the interviewee to Margaret Roucher is included at the end of this oral history.</text>
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                <text>2006-05-22</text>
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                <text>M.G., 1950-</text>
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                <text>Ann Francis, a member of UAW Local 652, was a pipefitter, recruiter and instructor for the UAW-GM apprentice program at Oldsmobile plant in Lansing until her retirement. Francis joined the Peace Corps after college and taught English in Malaysia. After her service ended she taught in Tennessee then earned a Masters and took a teaching job outside of Lansing, MI.  Francis taught in alternative education program where she was introduced to the skilled trades. She became interested in vocational education and realized that in order to teach the trades she needed to become a tradeswomen.  She left her teaching position to work on the line at Oldsmobile and became an apprentice pipefitter in 1979. After working as a pipefitter for a few years Francis took a newly created position at the plant which required both a journeyman’s card and a college degree.   After two years Francis began to work in a joint program with GM/UAW recruiting women and minorities.  Francis retired in1998 and at same time started interviewing for her oral history “Journeys of the Uninvited: a Feminist Oral History of Tradeswomen in the Auto Industry”.  Francis completes the interview with discussion of her oral history experience and her feelings on the role of affirmative action in the trades.</text>
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                <text>S.E., a journeyperson pipefitter with Consumers Energy and member of UWUA- Utility Workers Union of America grew up in Detroit and graduated from Marygrove College. S.E. started working for Consumers as a part-time dispatcher and then worked as a meter reader for 4.5 years. S. E. describes her training and recalls that as a woman she was not given the full amount of training that the men received. S.E. discusses the shortage of pipefitters and how this had led to their schooling being cut short. S. E. became a union rep in 1990. She attended the Latino Workers Leadership Institute and has since volunteered at a variety of conferences, has become involved in committees, and organized for the union on the national level. S.E. concludes the interview with a discussion of her current union involvement, why so few women are in the trades, and the changes in working conditions in her trade.</text>
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                <text>Cathy Dawson was born in Highland Park MI attended Michigan State University for three years before dropping out for financial reasons. After Dawson returned to the area she worked at Detroit Edison as a clerk for a few years but wanted a union job she that she could have more control over. Dawson apprenticed at Edison as a metal fabricator but realized that the physical demand was too much and found a new apprenticeship in the Edison machine shop. She discusses how she was (and remains) the only female worker there and explains the adjustment period that she and her male co-workers went through. Dawson explains that the apprenticeship program at Edison is no longer in existence and the problems this will cause the next generation of machinists. Dawson is currently Women's director of the local she describes that position. She concludes the interview by discussing the future of women at UWUA Local 223.</text>
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                <text>Elaine Crawford was the first women hired at the Ford Motor Co. Rouge engine plant since the Korean War.  She was encouraged by a coworker to take the skilled trades test and after scoring very high decided to become an electrician until the oil crisis of 1973. After the setback with the skilled trades Crawford took a job with the City of Detroit at the Waste Water plant and soon was able to fill a vacancy as an electrical repair woman.  Crawford recalls what it was like to be one of two women working on a job and the adjustment it took to work in such an environment. Crawford became active in the IBEW Local 58 as an officer and committee member.  She discusses her experience as a woman in Local 58, as an officer, and the locals’ attitude toward women. She concludes the interview by considering the future of women in trade unions.</text>
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                <text>Eva Caradonna Oral History</text>
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                <text>Eva Cardonna grew up Detroit and worked as a medical technician in a Doctors office for 20 years. Cardonna was looking for a change and after completing a carpentry class enrolled at the Ferndale Carpenters Local apprenticeship school. Cardonna describes her first day on the job and how she learned to adjust to an all-male work environment.   After completing her apprenticeship Cardonna was recruited to work for Cadillac Motor Cars in 1983 as a result of an EEOC settlement. She was the first outside skilled tradeswomen and was able to find work for other female skilled tradeswomen.  Soon she was offered a promotion as a supervisor and continued in that position. The interview concludes with a discussion on the change in the Union over the last 20 years regarding minorities and equality, and the relationship between UAW and IBEW.</text>
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                <text>2004-06-24</text>
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                <text>Caradonna, Eva, 1955-</text>
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                <text>Raucher, Margaret; Advisory Group Members</text>
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                <text>South Dakota; 1939-1974</text>
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                <text>Linda Bart and Judy Ellul Oral History</text>
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                <text>In this interview, sisters Linda Bart and Judy Ellul discuss their careers as rod busters. Bart entered the federally funded Trade Union Leadership Council in Detroit in 1979 and accepted a position as a rod buster with the Reinforcing Iron Workers, Local 426. Ellul was recruited by her sister in the mid 1980’s. The sisters recall their first days on the job and explain the physical and mental strength it takes for a woman to work in such a physically demanding predominately male profession. Ellul discusses how the physicality of the job ultimately led to her going on disability, while Bart too left the rod busters for the less demanding electrical trade.  The interview concludes with Ellul and Bart sharing their feelings on why few women are active in the union, the merger with the ironworkers, and general concerns about the impact of the economy on their profession. At the time of the interview Ellul was working toward a degree in construction management while Bart was planning to re-enter the rod busting trade.</text>
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                <text>2006-02-20</text>
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                <text>Bart, Linda; Ellul, Judy</text>
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