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                  <text>Interviews of pioneering women engineers, across engineering disciplines, conducted to document the history of women in engineering from the 1930s to the present as well as the founding and development of SWE. This project was sponsored by the Society of Women Engineers through generous funding provided by the Ford Motor Company Fund and managed by the Reuther Library. Both transcript and videotapes are available.</text>
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                <text>Mary McCarthy was a freshman studying communications technology at an Oklahoma junior college when the United States entered the Second World War.  She joined the Civil Service shortly after and spent the war years repairing damaged planes and testing aviation communications equipment in San Antonio and Hawaii.  After the war ended she got married, adopted a child, and did not return to school or work for another 20 years.&#13;
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In 1968, at the age of 45, McCarthy began the transition from “kitcheneering to engineering.” She originally enrolled in San Francisco City College so that she could help her daughter with her homework, but in 1973 McCarthy transferred to the University of California, Berkley to pursue engineering.  She completed her degrees in electrical engineering and material science in 1976 and was hired by Lockheed as a reliability engineer to work on parts control and standardization.  During her career at Lockheed she worked on military and aerospace projects such as the Hubble Space Telescope and became the chairperson of the Parts Control Board.  She retired from Lockheed in 2005.&#13;
&#13;
McCarthy is a Fellow of the Society of Women Engineers.  She has served as the president of the Texas and the Santa Clara Valley sections and as the national Vice President of Student Services.  In addition to her professional achievements she has contributed to the success of others by giving presentations and developing career guidance programs with SWE, the American Association of University Women, the International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists, the Girl Scouts, and 4-H.</text>
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                <text>Realizing that her dream of becoming a concert pianist would not materialize, Ruth Gordon instead decided to pursue a degree in civil engineering at Stanford University.  She completed a master's degree in structural engineering in 1950 and has since become regarded as an icon of earthquake safety.&#13;
&#13;
Gordon was turned down for several jobs because of her gender but was eventually hired by Isadore Thompson to oversee the construction of a hospital in southern California.  She became the first female member of the Structural Engineers Association of Northern California in 1953 and the first female state-certified structural engineer in 1959.  Gordon worked for the Structural Safety Section of the California Office of the State Architect from 1959 to 1984 , primarily overseeing the construction and renovation of hospitals and schools.  In 1984 she founded her own company, Pegasus Engineering, Inc., and conducted safety and earthquake survivability studies and post-earthquake evaluations on hospitals and schools.  Gordon retired in 2001.&#13;
&#13;
Although Gordon has resigned from the Society of Women Engineers national organization twice in political protest, she remains very active with the Golden Gate Section.  In addition to her numerous professional speaking engagements, she works with the Math Science Network to encourage a new generation of girls to pursue engineering.  She served as the first woman president of the Bay Area Engineering Council from 1982-1983.</text>
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                <text>Thelma Estrin Oral History</text>
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                <text>Thelma Estrin originally intended to become an accountant but became interested in engineering after taking a three-month training course at Stevens Institute of Technology in 1943 and working as a machinist at the Radio Receptor Company.  When her husband returned from from the Second World War they both enrolled in undergraduate programs in electrical engineering at the University of Wisconsin. By 1951 Estrin had completed her doctorate. 

Estrin was a pioneer in the application of engineering and computer electronics to medicine and established the first integrated electronics and computer laboratory for neuroscientists. She developed an interest in biomedical engineering in 1951 while working as a research assistant at the Electroencephalography Department at New York's Columbia Presbyterian Hospital Neurological Institute.  In 1955 the Estrins settled in Los Angeles, where Thelma Estrin taught engineering courses at Valley College.  She joined the the Brain Research Institute in 1960 and was named the director of its Data Processing Laboratory ten years later. Beginning in 1982 Estrin was appointed to a two-year term as the Director of Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering at the National Science Foundation.  In 1980 Estrin returned to the classroom as a professor in residence at the UCLA Computer Science Department, from from which she retired in 1991.

Estrin is a Fellow of the Society of Women Engineers and received the SWE Achievement Award in 1981 for her contributions to biomedical engineering.  She is a IEEE Fellow and was the first woman to serve on the IEEE Board of Directors. She also served as President of the Biomedical Engineering Society.</text>
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                <text>Estrin, Thelma</text>
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                <text>Deborah Rice</text>
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                <text>1960's</text>
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                <text>Bonnie Dunbar Oral History</text>
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                <text>A ceramic engineer and former NASA astronaut, Dr. Bonnie Dunbar is currently President &amp; CEO of the Museum of Flight in Seattle, WA. Dunbar received her M.S. in ceramic engineering from the University of Washington in 1975. Upon graduation she joined Rockwell International Space Division as a Senior Research Engineer, where she worked on the original ceramic tiles of the space shuttle.

In 1978, Dunbar began her 27-year career at NASA when she was hired as a flight controller at Johnson Space Flight Center. In just two short years she was made a mission specialist astronaut, where she logged 1,208 hours in orbit on five space missions aboard the shuttles Atlantis, Challenger, Columbia and Endeavour. She was a member of the first mission to dock with the Russian Mir Space Station in 1995.

Early in her career as an astronaut, Dunbar also earned her Ph.D. in mechanical/biomedical engineering from the University of Houston. On her last mission in 1998, serving as Payload Commander, Dunbar was responsible for more than four tons of scientific equipment, supplies and water for delivery to Mir, as well as 23 scientific experiments aboard the shuttle.

Dunbar became the Assistant Director for University Research and Affairs at Johnson Space Center in 1998. In this capacity, for the next five years, she was actively involved in the center's educational and grant programs, as well as its extensive collaborative efforts with colleges, universities and scientific and engineering organizations. Her final position with NASA was as Associate Director of Technology Integration and Risk Management at the Johnson Space Center's Space and Life Science Directorate.

Dunbar's space experience and scientific accomplishments have garnered her many honors and distinctions, including SWE's Resnik Challenger Medal (1992) and 2005 Achievement Award. She is a member of several engineering, scientific and medical organizations and serves on a number of boards. She has published extensively, holds one patent, and has given countless presentations on behalf of the engineering community many to school age children and college engineering students.</text>
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                <text>Lauren Kata</text>
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                <text>Detroit, MI; 1942-1969</text>
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                <text>The first person in her family to graduate from high school, Lois Cooper originally went to Tougaloo College in Mississippi to study law.  She discovered that she preferred working with numbers and eventually graduated  in 1954 with a degree in Mathematics from Los Angeles State College.  In 1953 she became the first African-American woman to work for the California Department of Transportation (CALTRAN), where she began as an engineering aide.  She progressed in her career, eventually becoming a Transportation Engineer and Project Manager for major transportation projects including the I-105 Century Freeway, as well as heading the Public Information department and the newly minted Civil Rights department in the 1970s.  During her time at CALTRAN, Cooper visited over 100 classrooms to promote engineering to all young people. 

Cooper became a student member of the Society of Women Engineers in 1978 while taking post-graduate classes at California State University in Los Angeles.  She went on to serve as the counselor for that section, co-chaired the Los Angeles Section's career guidance committee, and was elected the SWE College of Fellows in 1990.  The only female member when she joined in 1971, Cooper became the first woman president of the LA Council of Black Professional Engineers.  She works with the Council to encourage African-Americans to pursue engineering and continues to offer math and science tutoring on the weekends.  She is also a Fellow of the Institute for the Advancement of Engineering.</text>
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                <text>Yvonne Brill's high school principal encouraged her to become a teacher, her parents remained neutral, and her physics teacher believed that, as a woman, she would not become anything at all.  Nevertheless, Brill pushed to receive a Bachelor of Science in Mathematics from the University of Manitoba in 1945, and a Master of Science in Physical Chemistry in 1951 from the University of Southern California.  Since then, Brill has received numerous honors and awards and is known internationally for her work on rocket and jet propulsion systems.

Brill began her career as a mathematician at Douglas Aircraft Company but switched careers in 1946 when she became a research analyst on rocket propellant systems project for RAND Corporation.  Since that time, Brill has held numerous positions as an engineer or manager at Marquardt Corporation, United Aircraft Corporation, Curtiss Wright, FMC Corporation, RCA Astro-Electronics, NASA, and the International Maritime Satellite Organization. Since 1991 she has been an aerospace consultant for such clients as Telespace, Ltd. in Norway and has served on the NASA Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel and numerous U.S. National Research Council Study Committees.

A member of the Society of Women Engineers since 1975, Brill is a past president of the New Jersey Section, chaired numerous national committees, served as the counselor for two collegiate sections, and has served on the National Executive Committee as both Treasurer and Director of Student Affairs. She is a Fellow of SWE and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and is a member of National Academy of Engineering and the International Academy of Astronautics.  Among the many honors and awards Brill has received are the SWE Achievement Award, the SWE Resnik Challenger Medal, the NASA Public Service Medal, and the IEEE Judith A. Resnik Award.</text>
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                <text>Madison WI; Detroit, MI; 1927-1985</text>
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                <text>Betty Lou Bailey Oral History</text>
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                <text>There were few other women studying engineering at the University of Illinois when Betty Lou Bailey entered its undergraduate mechanical engineering program.  When she received her degree in 1950 she was the only woman in a graduating class of 700 engineers.  Following her graduation, she began what would become a long and successful career at General Electric.

Bailey originally planned on focusing her engineering talents on household appliances, however she discovered that she liked turbines more than refrigerators while working as a testing engineer for GE.  During her career she held positions as a testing, design, and systems engineer in GE's Large Jet Engine Department, Gas Turbine Department, and in its Valley Forge Space Technology Center, where she worked on the NASA Nimbus weather satellite project.  She received a Master of Engineering from Penn State in 1967 and became a registered Professional Engineer in Ohio and New York.  She holds a patent for a variable exhaust nozzle.

A member of  the Society of Women Engineers since 1951, Bailey has been an officer of the Philadelphia Section and served on the SWE Executive Committee.  Bailey's contributions to SWE were recognized in 1985 when she was elected to the College of Fellows.  She was the first woman member of the Engineering Society of Cincinnati, and eventually became the chair of its Guidance Committee.  She has also served on national committees for the National Society of Professional Engineers, the Engineers Joint Council, and the American Society for Engineering Education.</text>
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                <text>Minnesota; 1941-1959</text>
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                <text>1980-08-13</text>
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                <text>Gillette, Michael L.</text>
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                <text>Joseph Billups was one of the first members of Local 600. He worked at Ford and was fired numerous times for his union association. Mr. and Mrs. Billups discuss their roles with the Ford Hunger March of 1932, their participation with the Detroit Unemployment Council and Soup Kitchens, and the assistance they provided for evicted persons before the founding of the welfare department. Billups describes the Nat Turner Club, a progressive group that influenced the advancement of Civil Rights. He recalls his involvement striking various auto plants and Henry Fords’ recognition of the union. Billups recalls how he became pro-union and explains the reasons that other black auto workers did not participate in union activities.</text>
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