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                  <text>Interviews with women in a variety of construction and maintenance trades conducted between 2004 and 2006.</text>
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                <text>Ann Francis, a member of UAW Local 652, was a pipefitter, recruiter and instructor for the UAW-GM apprentice program at Oldsmobile plant in Lansing until her retirement. Francis joined the Peace Corps after college and taught English in Malaysia. After her service ended she taught in Tennessee then earned a Masters and took a teaching job outside of Lansing, MI.  Francis taught in alternative education program where she was introduced to the skilled trades. She became interested in vocational education and realized that in order to teach the trades she needed to become a tradeswomen.  She left her teaching position to work on the line at Oldsmobile and became an apprentice pipefitter in 1979. After working as a pipefitter for a few years Francis took a newly created position at the plant which required both a journeyman’s card and a college degree.   After two years Francis began to work in a joint program with GM/UAW recruiting women and minorities.  Francis retired in1998 and at same time started interviewing for her oral history “Journeys of the Uninvited: a Feminist Oral History of Tradeswomen in the Auto Industry”.  Francis completes the interview with discussion of her oral history experience and her feelings on the role of affirmative action in the trades.</text>
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                <text>Francis, Ann</text>
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                <text>Raucher, Margaret; Advisory Group Members</text>
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                <text>1962-1982</text>
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                <text>Carrie Harding Oral History</text>
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                <text>Carrie Harding of Saginaw, MI is an Operating Engineer with Local 3241 and an instructor of MIOSHA, hazardous waste removal, and mine safety courses.  While working as a traffic flagger she had an opportunity   to train as an equipment operator.  Harding explains that she was the only woman in the training program and describes the training and equipment. She recalls the sexist treatment she received by a foreman and compares that to the mentoring and friendships she had with her co-workers.   Harding discusses how she stayed with her first company for nine years, worked for other companies and eventually became certified as a HAZMAT instructor, an OSHA outreach instructor and how she got a part-time job teaching at the local.   At the time of the interview the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative was on the November ballot, Harding recalls the role it played in her entering the field and the possible ramifications if the initiative is ended.  Harding closes the interview with a discussion of her feelings on why there are no women officers in her local, why there have never been and if there will be any in the future.  An afterward by Harding is included at the end of this oral history.</text>
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                <text>2005-02-07</text>
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                <text>Harding, Carrie, 1962-</text>
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                <text>Detroit, MI; 1972-2004</text>
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                <text>In this interview Carrie Wells, a tile setter from Detroit recalls how she entered the tile setting trade after attending college and working in a radio station.  Wells explains the apprenticeship program’s mandate to accept women and minorities and the high turnover of these minorities upon completion of their training. Wells cites the multiple generations and the persistence of racism, sexism, and nepotism in the trade as factors in the high turnover. Wells sustained a herniated disc on the job and at the time of the interview was out on disability. She discusses the physical toll the tile setting profession can put on the body, the high rate of injury to tile setters, and job safety issues.  Wells discusses her union, its membership policy, and her feelings of dissatisfaction about the union’s policies and politics. At the time of the interview Wells was out on disability and was using the time to complete her degree at Wayne State University, she was unsure if she would return to work after her injury has heeled.</text>
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                <text>Ann Arbor, MI; Detroit, MI; 1973-2005</text>
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                <text>Cathy Dawson was born in Highland Park MI attended Michigan State University for three years before dropping out for financial reasons. After Dawson returned to the area she worked at Detroit Edison as a clerk for a few years but wanted a union job she that she could have more control over. Dawson apprenticed at Edison as a metal fabricator but realized that the physical demand was too much and found a new apprenticeship in the Edison machine shop. She discusses how she was (and remains) the only female worker there and explains the adjustment period that she and her male co-workers went through. Dawson explains that the apprenticeship program at Edison is no longer in existence and the problems this will cause the next generation of machinists. Dawson is currently Women's director of the local she describes that position. She concludes the interview by discussing the future of women at UWUA Local 223.</text>
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                <text>Boston, MA; 1970's-2006</text>
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                <text>Denise Greer of Local 898 is a millwright at the Ford Rawsonville plant.  Greer attended college for music   but found fulltime work with Ford in 1998. She describes the problems she has had with supervisors and harassment as she is only one of five women millwrights. Greer feels that she cannot rise politically in the union but would stay on in the plant if she could and cites the “Old Boys Club” mentality as one cause of her lack of political mobility.  She discusses the lack of racial diversity in the trades and feels that there is very little encouragement to recruit women into the trades at Ford.  At the time of the interview Greer was enrolled as a pre-law student at Eastern Michigan University and hopes to have a future in labor law.</text>
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                <text>Elaine Crawford was the first women hired at the Ford Motor Co. Rouge engine plant since the Korean War.  She was encouraged by a coworker to take the skilled trades test and after scoring very high decided to become an electrician until the oil crisis of 1973. After the setback with the skilled trades Crawford took a job with the City of Detroit at the Waste Water plant and soon was able to fill a vacancy as an electrical repair woman.  Crawford recalls what it was like to be one of two women working on a job and the adjustment it took to work in such an environment. Crawford became active in the IBEW Local 58 as an officer and committee member.  She discusses her experience as a woman in Local 58, as an officer, and the locals’ attitude toward women. She concludes the interview by considering the future of women in trade unions.</text>
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                <text>2004-02-16</text>
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                <text>Crawford, Elaine, 1949-</text>
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                <text>Raucher, Margaret; Advisory Group Members</text>
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                <text>1970's-2005</text>
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                  <text>Interviews with women in a variety of construction and maintenance trades conducted between 2004 and 2006.</text>
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                <text>Eva Caradonna Oral History</text>
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                <text>Eva Cardonna grew up Detroit and worked as a medical technician in a Doctors office for 20 years. Cardonna was looking for a change and after completing a carpentry class enrolled at the Ferndale Carpenters Local apprenticeship school. Cardonna describes her first day on the job and how she learned to adjust to an all-male work environment.   After completing her apprenticeship Cardonna was recruited to work for Cadillac Motor Cars in 1983 as a result of an EEOC settlement. She was the first outside skilled tradeswomen and was able to find work for other female skilled tradeswomen.  Soon she was offered a promotion as a supervisor and continued in that position. The interview concludes with a discussion on the change in the Union over the last 20 years regarding minorities and equality, and the relationship between UAW and IBEW.</text>
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                <text>2004-06-24</text>
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                <text>Caradonna, Eva, 1955-</text>
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                <text>Raucher, Margaret; Advisory Group Members</text>
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                <text>South Dakota; 1939-1974</text>
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                  <text>Metro Detroit Skilled Tradeswomen Oral History Project</text>
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                <text>J.W. Oral History</text>
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                <text>J.W. is a metal model maker and a trainer with the UAW. Born and raised in Flint, MI J.W.  went to work on the line at Delphi East in the mid 1970’s. She worked on the line for 10 years, took the skilled trades test and scored very high. J.W. chose to be model maker because she was afraid of the heights involved with electrical work.  J.W. describes her apprenticeship and the mistreatment she had to endure not only because she was not only a woman but because she was African American. J.W. decided to get involved in the union increase the representation of women and minorities. She won the position of recording secretary and in 1997 she was appointed to International staff for the UAW, the first African American woman in the history of the UAW to come out of her region to the International staff. J.W. closes the interview with her thoughts on what the union can do to get more women into the trades, the future of the trades at GM, Chrysler and Ford, and the impact that new technology has made on the trades.</text>
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                <text>2005-08-15</text>
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                <text>J.W., 1955-</text>
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                <text>Raucher, Margaret; Advisory Group Members</text>
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                <text>Metro Detroit; 1980's-2005</text>
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                  <text>Metro Detroit Skilled Tradeswomen Oral History Project</text>
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                <text>Jola Stone Oral History</text>
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                <text>Jola Stone attended art school and worked in the engineering  and drafting departments of Consumers Power in Grand Rapids, MI before a friend referred her to an opening at MichCon (now DTE). Stone was the first women hired into the drafting department.  Stone discusses the technical aspects of drafting and compares the way drafting was done by hand when she entered the field in 1975 to the current practice of drafting on computers. A year into her employment the drafting department joined the International Chemical Workers Union (currently under the United Food and Commercial Workers) and Jola became active in the union.  Stone was vice president of her union until 1987 when she became president.   She is the only female officer in her union and she discusses the underrepresentation of women in the union and the lack of encouragement for women to advance in the union. Stone ends the interview with a discussion on the benefits of being in a union and her hopes for more women to become involved in union activities.</text>
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          <element elementId="94">
            <name>Date Recorded</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="5329">
                <text>2004-10-18</text>
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                <text>Stone, Jola, 1948-</text>
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            <name>Interviewer</name>
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                <text>Raucher, Margaret; Advisory Group Members</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
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                <text>Taylor, MI; 1985-2005</text>
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                <text>Linda Bart and Judy Ellul Oral History</text>
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                <text>In this interview, sisters Linda Bart and Judy Ellul discuss their careers as rod busters. Bart entered the federally funded Trade Union Leadership Council in Detroit in 1979 and accepted a position as a rod buster with the Reinforcing Iron Workers, Local 426. Ellul was recruited by her sister in the mid 1980’s. The sisters recall their first days on the job and explain the physical and mental strength it takes for a woman to work in such a physically demanding predominately male profession. Ellul discusses how the physicality of the job ultimately led to her going on disability, while Bart too left the rod busters for the less demanding electrical trade.  The interview concludes with Ellul and Bart sharing their feelings on why few women are active in the union, the merger with the ironworkers, and general concerns about the impact of the economy on their profession. At the time of the interview Ellul was working toward a degree in construction management while Bart was planning to re-enter the rod busting trade.</text>
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          <element elementId="94">
            <name>Date Recorded</name>
            <description>Date of Record Creation (Imported from CWIS DateRecordedBegin field)</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="5237">
                <text>2006-02-20</text>
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                <text>Bart, Linda; Ellul, Judy</text>
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                <text>Raucher, Margaret; Advisory Group Members</text>
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