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                  <text>Society of Women Engineers Oral History Project: Profiles of SWE Pioneers</text>
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                  <text>Interviews of pioneering women engineers, across engineering disciplines, conducted to document the history of women in engineering from the 1930s to the present as well as the founding and development of SWE. This project was sponsored by the Society of Women Engineers through generous funding provided by the Ford Motor Company Fund and managed by the Reuther Library. Both transcript and videotapes are available.</text>
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                <text>Alva Matthews Oral History</text>
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                <text>During her engineering career, Dr. Alva Matthews conducted original research, development studies, and consultation services in a variety of fields. She is best known for her significant contributions to the field of engineering mechanics and applied mathematics in the areas of shock analysis, elasticity and structural design, for which she won the SWE Achievement Award in 1971. In addition to her accomplishments in industry, Dr. Matthews also taught for many years at the university level.

Matthews received her education at Middlebury and Barnard Colleges, earning a B.S. and M.S. in Science, and at Columbia University, earning a PhD. in Engineering Science. While an undergraduate in the 1950s, she worked as an engineer at a conduit construction firm and later as a design and research engineer for a prestigious firm during her graduate years. As a graduate student Matthews taught civil engineering at Columbia University, becoming their first woman engineering instructor. She continued to lecture at Columbia, the University of Rochester, and Swarthmore College after she received her doctorate, and became an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Sciences at the University of Rochester.

As a research engineer and consultant for Rochester Applied Science Associates and Paul Weidlinger Consulting Engineer, Matthews carried out fundamental research on the mechanical behavior of materials and wave propagation in solids, extending to nuclear weapons effects on structures. Other areas of effort include the development and adaptation of large computer codes, structural design of thin shell concrete, application of Potential Theory to underwater acoustics, and computer programming in the development of the Telstar tracking antenna and of helicopter blade design. Her publications have won recognition as pioneering efforts in the area of wave propagation and vibrations in elastic media.

Matthews has held a number of offices in SWE, was a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the NY State Society of Professional Engineers, and served on the board of directors of the Engineers Joint Council from 1964-65.</text>
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                <text>Matthews, Alva</text>
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                <text>Lauren Kata</text>
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                  <text>Interviews of pioneering women engineers, across engineering disciplines, conducted to document the history of women in engineering from the 1930s to the present as well as the founding and development of SWE. This project was sponsored by the Society of Women Engineers through generous funding provided by the Ford Motor Company Fund and managed by the Reuther Library. Both transcript and videotapes are available.</text>
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                <text>Ann Fletcher Oral History</text>
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                <text>Ann Fletcher chose engineering as a second career option, after teaching music for nearly ten years. Her career switch is a good example of the new opportunities that opened up to women as a result of WWII. She attended Wayne State University's College of Engineering from 1942-44, joining Bendix Aviation Corporation Research Labs in 1943 as a patent draftsman.

In 1947 Fletcher began work as an industrial illustrator and patent draftsman at Ford Motor Company where she worked for 21 years. As the only industrial illustrator at Ford, she worked closely with inventors to produce illustrations for product, design, chemical, and metallurgical inventions, among others. Her last position before retiring in 1978 was as Technical Assistant to Chief Engineer at the Shatterproof Glass Corporation. Her assignment entailed duties from various technical analyses to reports and surveys for the Environmental Protection Agency.

An early member of SWE, Fletcher experienced several "firsts" in her profession. It was during her position at Shatterproof that she became one of two women in the Society of Engineering Illustrators, serving two terms as president. She also became the first woman elected as fellow of the Engineering Society of Detroit and later to its board of directors. Fletcher received statewide recognition when in 1975 she was appointed to the Michigan State Registration Board of Professional Community Planners, the first woman to assume that responsibility.</text>
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                <text>Fletcher, Ann O.</text>
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                <text>Lauren Kata</text>
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                  <text>Interviews of pioneering women engineers, across engineering disciplines, conducted to document the history of women in engineering from the 1930s to the present as well as the founding and development of SWE. This project was sponsored by the Society of Women Engineers through generous funding provided by the Ford Motor Company Fund and managed by the Reuther Library. Both transcript and videotapes are available.</text>
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                <text>Anna Longobardo Oral History</text>
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                <text>In 1949 Anna Longobardo was the first woman to receive a B.S. in mechanical engineering from Columbia University. She also received her master's degree from Columbia in 1952. She quickly entered the new area of analog and digital computer applications and has since made major contributions to the aerospace engineering field. Her many specializations include the utilization of engineering resources.

After 15 years as a systems engineer at American Bosch Arma Corporation, where she worked on guidance systems for space vehicles, Longobardo joined Sperry Rand Corp. In her 25-plus years at Sperry, which became Unisys Corporation in 1986, Longobardo held a number of positions in areas of technology management, at one time directing a staff of 750.

Longobardo holds many distinctions as a woman engineer. In 1963 Governor Rockefeller appointed her to the New York State Women's Council; from 1966-1970 she was Director of the Technical Societies Council of New York; and she was named one of New York's "100 Women of Influence" by New York Woman magazine in 1986. She has been an active member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Joint Engineering Management Committee, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, as well as SWE, of which she was one of the original charter student members.</text>
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                <text>Arminta Harness Oral History</text>
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                <text>Lt. Col. Arminta Harness blazed a trail for women engineers in the Armed Forces during her 24 year career in the U.S. Air Force. Graduating with an aeronautical engineering degree from the University of Southern California in 1955, she became the Air Force's first woman engineer, rising to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Her assignments varied in responsibility from designing intelligence-gathering equipment for the U-2 aircraft to providing management direction for the $2 billion Space and Missile Systems Organization budget.

As a lieutenant assigned to the Aerial Reconnaissance Laboratory at Wright Paterson Air Force Base, she was the first woman on orders as a test engineer during flight testing of experimental equipment, which she designed. In 1963 Harness was assigned to work on the Gemini manned space program at Air Force Space Systems. As a Major, she served as Deputy Chief of Engineering, and later, as Lieutenant Colonel, as Chief of Program Control for the $80 million Gemini Target Vehicle Program the unmanned spacecraft used as a docking target by the Gemini astronauts in space. It was during this assignment that she became the first woman to receive the specialty rating of Staff Development Engineer and the first woman to receive both Senior and Master Missileman Badges.

Harness' military awards include the National Defense Service Medal, Air Force Commendation Medal, Joint Services Commendation Medal, and Air force Meritorious Service Medal. During her service, she was also recognized as a Fellow of the Institute for the Advancement of Engineering and received their 1971 Engineering Achievement Merit Award.

Harness joined Westinghouse Hanford Company in 1974 following retirement from military service. In her five years with the company, she was Technical Assistant to the company president and Manager of Laboratory Planning for their nuclear development lab. A Fellow Life Member of SWE, Harness served as its president from 1976 - 1978 and in many other leadership roles on the local and national level. Following her second retirement in 1979, Harness remained active in SWE. She is the designer of the SWE's Resnik Challenger Medal, given upon merit, to an engineer whose contributions have broadened the frontiers of space exploration.</text>
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                <text>Barbara “Bobbi” Johnson Oral History</text>
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                <text>Barbara "Bobbie" Johnson was a women pioneer in the defining years of the U.S. missile and space program. Graduating in 1946 as the first woman graduate in general engineering from the University of Illinois, Johnson immediately began work in the field of aerospace engineering. In her 36 year career at Rockwell International Space Division, she made significant contributions to four of the nation's most prominent systems and technology ventures.

Early assignments involved design and research projects that included flight dynamics studies for programs such as Dyna-Soar, the recovery of hypersonic gliders, lunar reentry vehicle research, and orbital rendezvous. In five short years Johnson moved up from Mathematician to Senior Engineer, Aerodynamics, where she participated in the design and development of the Navaho missile, one of the country's first missile efforts. Johnson then worked on another major missile project, the Hound Dog air-to-ground guided missile as project leader responsible for wind tunnel programs, performance and stability analysis, and aerodynamic loads.

It was the Apollo Lunar Landing Program that began Barbara Johnson's participation in manned space flight programs and defined her expertise in atmospheric entry, which garnered her widespread recognition. When she was named as manager of Mission Requirements and Evaluation on the Apollo Program in 1968 it was the highest post ever held by a woman in her division. Responsible for more than 100 engineers, Johnson worked closely with NASA on the Lunar Landing, Skylab, and Apollo-Soyuz (joint USA-USSR) programs. She received a medallion in 1973 from NASA in recognition of the major role she played in the Apollo 11 mission, mankind's first successful attempt to land on the moon.

In her last position before retirement in 1982, Johnson was Manager of Mission Requirements and Integration of the space shuttle program where she was responsible for Shuttle system and Orbiter Project mission-related analysis. It was during this time that she received the American Astronautical Society's "Dick Brower Award," the Institute for the Advancement of Engineering's Outstanding Engineer Merit Award for contributions to aeronautical engineering, the University of Illinois College of Engineering's Distinguished Alumni Merit Award, and the 1974 SWE Achievement Award.

A Fellow of the Institute for the Advancement of Engineering, an Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and SWE Fellow, Barbara Johnson served both locally and nationally to promote engineering as a career, especially for women.</text>
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                <text>There were few other women studying engineering at the University of Illinois when Betty Lou Bailey entered its undergraduate mechanical engineering program.  When she received her degree in 1950 she was the only woman in a graduating class of 700 engineers.  Following her graduation, she began what would become a long and successful career at General Electric.

Bailey originally planned on focusing her engineering talents on household appliances, however she discovered that she liked turbines more than refrigerators while working as a testing engineer for GE.  During her career she held positions as a testing, design, and systems engineer in GE's Large Jet Engine Department, Gas Turbine Department, and in its Valley Forge Space Technology Center, where she worked on the NASA Nimbus weather satellite project.  She received a Master of Engineering from Penn State in 1967 and became a registered Professional Engineer in Ohio and New York.  She holds a patent for a variable exhaust nozzle.

A member of  the Society of Women Engineers since 1951, Bailey has been an officer of the Philadelphia Section and served on the SWE Executive Committee.  Bailey's contributions to SWE were recognized in 1985 when she was elected to the College of Fellows.  She was the first woman member of the Engineering Society of Cincinnati, and eventually became the chair of its Guidance Committee.  She has also served on national committees for the National Society of Professional Engineers, the Engineers Joint Council, and the American Society for Engineering Education.</text>
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                <text>Deborah Rice</text>
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                <text>Minnesota; 1941-1959</text>
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                <text>Betty Preece is a distinguished secondary and college educator in science, math, and engineering. In 1947 she was the first female electrical engineering graduate of the University of Kentucky and upon graduation worked as an engineer for General Electric and then as a project engineer/section chief of surveillance systems for the Air Force Missile Test Center at Cape Canaveral during the early years of the aerospace program.

Preece went on to serve as editor of the Indian River Engineer for the Institute of Radio Engineers in the early 1960s and thereafter worked in academia, upon earning a M.S. in Science Education. She served simultaneously as a high school physics teacher and adjunct faculty at the Florida Institute of Technology for over 20 years.

An early SWE member and a longstanding member of several professional organizations, Preece has been actively involved in career guidance for women engineers and scientists, leading workshops on the local, state, national, and international levels since 1965. She was a member of the Working Panel of Women as Engineering Technicians, Office of Emergency Planning, Office of the President of the United States from 1962-64; and selected to the Florida Advisory Council for Science Education in 1986 in recognition of her work in science education.</text>
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                <text>A ceramic engineer and former NASA astronaut, Dr. Bonnie Dunbar is currently President &amp; CEO of the Museum of Flight in Seattle, WA. Dunbar received her M.S. in ceramic engineering from the University of Washington in 1975. Upon graduation she joined Rockwell International Space Division as a Senior Research Engineer, where she worked on the original ceramic tiles of the space shuttle.

In 1978, Dunbar began her 27-year career at NASA when she was hired as a flight controller at Johnson Space Flight Center. In just two short years she was made a mission specialist astronaut, where she logged 1,208 hours in orbit on five space missions aboard the shuttles Atlantis, Challenger, Columbia and Endeavour. She was a member of the first mission to dock with the Russian Mir Space Station in 1995.

Early in her career as an astronaut, Dunbar also earned her Ph.D. in mechanical/biomedical engineering from the University of Houston. On her last mission in 1998, serving as Payload Commander, Dunbar was responsible for more than four tons of scientific equipment, supplies and water for delivery to Mir, as well as 23 scientific experiments aboard the shuttle.

Dunbar became the Assistant Director for University Research and Affairs at Johnson Space Center in 1998. In this capacity, for the next five years, she was actively involved in the center's educational and grant programs, as well as its extensive collaborative efforts with colleges, universities and scientific and engineering organizations. Her final position with NASA was as Associate Director of Technology Integration and Risk Management at the Johnson Space Center's Space and Life Science Directorate.

Dunbar's space experience and scientific accomplishments have garnered her many honors and distinctions, including SWE's Resnik Challenger Medal (1992) and 2005 Achievement Award. She is a member of several engineering, scientific and medical organizations and serves on a number of boards. She has published extensively, holds one patent, and has given countless presentations on behalf of the engineering community many to school age children and college engineering students.</text>
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                <text>Carolyn Phillips was a recognized leader in health &amp; safety issues in the early days of environmental engineering and industrial hygiene. In 1960 she graduated from Pratt Institute with a mechanical engineering degree, where she was one of three women studying engineering. Phillips' first position was with the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, working for two years as a reactor engineer on SNAP (Safety Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power). In 1962 she became the only woman engineer in the Division of Industrial Hygiene of the New York State Department of Labor. Her job included fieldwork, during which she collected samples of industrial wastes by climbing tall smokestacks and down into rock quarries. During this time Phillips also earned her Master's in civil engineering from New York University, with a concentration on sanitation.

In the 1970s, Phillips was a student at NYU's Institute for Environmental Medicine and School of Engineering, working toward a Ph.D. While there, she served as Assistant Research Scientist at the Institute, conducting inhalation studies, and worked as a consultant with Environmental Analysts, Inc, participating in various health and environmental projects. From there, Phillips moved on to a long career at Shell Oil Company as an Industrial Hygienist, retiring in a management position. While at Shell, she worked on a special year-long assignment in the Netherlands where she was responsible for evaluation and development of an international occupational hygiene program. After retirement she worked as a health &amp; safety consultant providing litigation support for both Shell and the Chemical Manufacturing Association.

Throughout her career, Phillips maintained active membership and leadership in a number of professional organizations including SWE, ASME, and the American Industrial Hygiene Association. She has taught courses in industrial hygiene as an adjunct assistant professor at the University of Texas School of Public Health. Phillips has also received several appointments and honors from such organizations as the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Education, ASME, and SWE.</text>
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                <text>Dorothy Morris began her career in the engineering field as an administrative assistant in 1950 after graduating with a degree in business and accounting from Concordia Junior College. Concurrent with her early work life, Morris returned to college to study engineering and in just eight years she became Vice President and General Manager of Colvin Laboratories, Inc., an aerospace industry electronics manufacturer. At that time, she represented only a handful of women engineering management executives in the country, and she remains today an excellent example of the upward mobility of women in engineering.

In addition to her tenure at Colvin Labs, Morris was General Manager, Treasurer, and Vice President of Victory Engineering Corporation and went on to establish her own consulting firm, Morris Associates, acting as its president. In the 1970s she was a member and SWE representative to the Engineering Manpower Commission, where she worked to advance engineering as a profession for women, becoming the commission's first women president. A longtime member of SWE, Morris has served in many local and national offices and is today a member of the Board of Trustees.</text>
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